Tumor-activated Protein Promotes Cancer Metastasis: Researchers

Cancers physically alter cells in the lymphatic system - a network of vessels that transports and stores immune cells throughout the body - to promote the spread of disease, a process called metastasis, according to researchers.Roughly 90 percent of all cancer deaths are due to metastasis - the disease spreading from the original tumor site to multiple, distant tissues and finally overwhelming the patient's body. 
Lymph vessels are often the path of transmission, with circulating tumor cells lodging in the lymph nodes - organs distributed throughout the body that act as immune system garrisons and traps for pathogens and foreign particles. 
Researchers at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center found that a protein growth factor expressed by tumors called VEGF-C activates a receptor called integrin a4beta1 on lymphatic vessels in lymph node tissues, making them more attractive and sticky to metastatic tumor cells. 
"One of the most significant features of this work is that it highlights the way that tumors can have long-range effects on other parts of the body, which can then impact tumor metastasis or growth," said principal investigator Judith A. Varner, PhD, professor of medicine at UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center. 
Varner said a4beta1 could prove to be a valuable biomarker for measuring cancer risk, since increased levels of the activated protein in lymph tissues is an indirect indicator that an undetected tumor may be nearby. 
She said whole-body imaging scans of the lymphatic network might identify problem areas relatively quickly and effectively. 
"The idea is that a radiolabeled or otherwise labeled anti-integrin a4beta1 antibody could be injected into the lymphatic circulation, and it would only bind to and highlight the lymphatic vessels that have been activated by the presence of a tumor," she explaned. 
Varner noted that a4beta1 levels correlate with metastasis - the higher the level, the greater the chance of the cancer spreading. With additional research and clinical studies, doctors could refine treatment protocols so that patients at higher risk are treated appropriately, but patients at lower or no risk of metastasis are not over-treated. 
The researchers noted in their studies that it is possible to suppress tumor metastasis by reducing growth factor levels or by blocking activation of the a4beta1 receptor. 
Varner said an antibody to VEGF-R3 is currently in Phase 1 clinical trials. An approved humanized anti-a4beta1 antibody is currently approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. 
Varner said her lab at UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center is investigating the possibility of developing one for treating cancer. 
The findings are published in this week's online Early Edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Source-ANI